The XQM-4L is a sophisticated piece of laboratory equipment designed for high-energy ball milling. It belongs to the category of planetary ball mills, which are renowned for their ability to produce extremely fine powders and achieve homogeneous mixing and mechanical alloying of materials that are difficult to process by other means.

Vertical Orientation: Unlike traditional horizontal ball mills, the XQM-4L features a vertical main shaft. This design is compact, saves bench space, and is well-suited for laboratory environments.

4L Capacity: The "4L" designation refers to the total volume of its four grinding jars. Typically, it is equipped with four 1-liter jars, giving a combined maximum volume capacity of 4 liters. It's crucial to note that for effective milling, jars should only be filled to about one-third to half of their volume with a mixture of grinding balls and material.

Planetary Motion Mechanism: This is the heart of the machine. The mill features a large, rotating sun disk (the main turntable). Mounted on this sun disk are four planetary disks, each holding one grinding jar.

• The sun disk rotates in one direction (e.g., clockwise).
• Simultaneously, each planetary disk rotates in the opposite direction (e.g., counter-clockwise) around its own axis.
• This synchronized, counter-rotational movement is what generates the high centrifugal forces essential for planetary ball milling.

The specification of zirconia agate jars is significant:

• Material: Zirconia agate is a sintered composite material, primarily composed of zirconium dioxide (ZrO₂), known for its exceptional properties.
• High Hardness & Wear Resistance: It is extremely hard, making it ideal for grinding even very hard materials (like ceramics, metals, and minerals) with minimal jar wear. This prevents contamination of the sample from abraded jar material.
• Chemical Inertness: Zirconia agate is highly chemically stable and corrosion-resistant. It is suitable for milling a wide range of materials, including acidic or alkaline substances, without reacting with them.
• Smooth Inner Surface: This facilitates easy cleaning and minimizes material adhesion to the jar walls.

While the mill is equipped with zirconia agate jars, the grinding balls can be chosen based on the application. Common materials include:

• Zirconia: For high-density impact and wear resistance.
• Agate: For high-purity applications where iron contamination must be avoided (e.g., in geology or ceramics).
• Stainless Steel: For tough materials, though it carries a risk of iron contamination.
• Tungsten Carbide: For the hardest materials.

The XQM-4L is equipped with a digital control system, typically featuring an LCD screen.

It allows for precise programming of:

• Milling Speed: Adjustable in RPM (Revolutions Per Minute). This directly controls the centrifugal force and thus the impact energy of the balls.
• Milling Time: Can be set from seconds up to hundreds of hours, often with an auto-reverse function to prevent material caking.
• Pause/Interval Cycles: Some models allow for intermittent milling (e.g., run for 10 minutes, pause for 2 minutes) to prevent overheating of sensitive materials.

• Safety Lock & Lid Interlock: The milling chamber is covered by a robust lid with a safety lock. The machine is designed not to operate unless the lid is securely closed, protecting the user from moving parts and potential jar breakage.
• Vibration Damping: The unit is mounted on a sturdy base, often with rubber feet, to dampen vibrations during high-speed operation, ensuring stability and reducing noise.
• Emergency Stop Button: For immediate shutdown in case of any abnormality.

The effectiveness of the XQM-4L stems from the complex motion inside the jars:

• Centrifugal Forces: As the sun disk and planetary disks rotate in opposite directions, powerful centrifugal forces are generated.
• Coriolis Effect: This force causes the grinding balls inside the jars to follow a curved trajectory. They are pinned to the jar wall for a portion of the rotation, then released and flung across the jar at high velocity.
• Impact and Friction: The size reduction and mixing occur through a combination of:

• High-Energy Impact: When the balls collide with the material on the opposite side of the jar.
• Shear and Friction: As the balls roll and slide against each other and the jar walls.

This combination of forces results in a much higher milling energy compared to conventional tumbler or horizontal ball mills, allowing for faster processing times and finer particle sizes (often down to the sub-micron or even nano range).

The XQM-4L is used across numerous scientific and industrial fields for:

• Nano-Material Synthesis: Producing nanoparticles of metals, oxides, and composites.
• Mechanical Alloying: Creating novel alloy phases from elemental powder blends that are impossible to form by melting.
• Homogenization: Thoroughly mixing different powders (e.g., ceramics and polymers) to create composite materials.
• Cell Disruption: Breaking down biological cells to extract proteins, DNA, and other intracellular components.
• Geology and Ceramics: Preparing finely powdered samples for X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and other analytical techniques.
• Pharmaceuticals: Reducing particle size of active ingredients to enhance bioavailability.